Energies, Free Full-Text

Despite numerous studies on nanofluids in microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs), they are not yet commercialized due to long-term stability issues and high maintenance costs. Therefore, this study explores the impact of nanofluids and nanoparticle clustering on single-phase convective heat transfer inside microchannels under laminar conditions. Water and commercially available water-based nanosuspensions, including Al2O3-water (30–60 nm), TiO2-water (5–30 nm), and polystyrene-water (50 nm), are circulated through silicon MCHS having rectangular channels integrated into a closed flow loop. To assess the in situ and real-time nanoparticle clustering during heat transfer experiments, Light Extinction Spectroscopy (LES) is applied as a non-intrusive measurement technique on nanofluids without any fluid sampling. Our findings reveal the appearance of nanofluid discoloration with no measurable increase in heat transfer coefficient. This unexpected change is attributed to the interplay of abrasion, erosion, and corrosion phenomena, likely triggered by the clustering of nanoparticles within the silicon microchannels—a novel insight into the complex dynamics of nanofluid behavior (an increase in the De Brouckere mean diameter from 11 nm to 107.3 nm over a 2.5 h period for TiO2 nanoparticles). The resulting material loss could not be mitigated by altering the nanoparticle material, which may impede heat transfer enhancement under tested conditions.

Listen Free to Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal by Tony Schwartz, Jim Loehr with a Free Trial.

Protein–ligand free energies of binding from full-protein DFT calculations: convergence and choice of exchange–correlation functional - Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (RSC Publishing)

Products Focus on Energy

Solar Panels: A True Carbon-Free Source of Energy?

Direct Energy

Inner pore hydration free energy controls the activation of big potassium channels - ScienceDirect

GOMA - A full-Newton finite element program for free and moving boundary problems with coupled fluid/solid momentum, energy, mass, and chemical species transport: User`s guide - UNT Digital Library

The power of full engagement : managing energy, not time, is the key to high performance and personal renewal : Loehr, James E : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive

Free energy levels and entropy production in muscle contraction and in related solution systems. - Abstract - Europe PMC

Energy Font by Graphics King · Creative Fabrica

In vitro neural networks minimise variational free energy

Report: Healthy Fossil Fuel Free World Means Re-Imagining New Clean Energy Future - The Global Climate and Health Alliance

Ward's World Activity Guides - WS_Science By You Activity_Building Energy Transfer Systems

Access to Energy - 5 Volume Set